Three connectors, all beginning 그- and all sitting at the start of the second sentence. Each one announces what the second sentence is doing to the first.
| Adverb | Meaning | S1 → S2 |
|---|---|---|
| 그리고 | and | Addition — S2 is one more thing |
| 그래서 | so, that’s why | Cause — S1 is the reason for S2 |
| 그러면 (그럼) | then, in that case | Premise — S1 is what S2 assumes |
They are not interchangeable, and picking the wrong one is not a style error — it asserts a relationship that isn’t there. Choosing correctly is mostly a matter of asking what the second sentence is for.
그리고 — addition
저는 가을(을) 좋아해요. — I like autumn. 그리고 봄도 좋아해요. — And I like spring too.
도 is “too”, and it replaces the particle rather than stacking on it — 봄도, not 봄을도.
The same idea can be said in one sentence, two ways:
- 저는 가을하고 봄(을) 좋아해요. — joining the nouns with 하고 (119)
- 저는 가을을 좋아하고 봄을 좋아해요. — joining the clauses with the verb ending -고
So 그리고 is the loosest of the three options: it needs no restructuring, just a full stop and a new sentence. That makes it the safe one while your sentences are still short.
저는 우유(를) 사요. 그리고 빵도 사요. — I’m buying milk. And bread as well.
그래서 — cause
The first sentence is the reason for the second.
| Korean | English |
|---|---|
| 고향에서 친구가 왔어요. 그래서 같이 미술관에 가요. | A friend came from my home town. So we’re going to the gallery together. |
| 회사에 일이 많아요. 그래서 많이 피곤해요. | There’s a lot of work on. So I’m very tired. |
| 어제 많이 아팠어요. 그래서 병원에 갔어요. | I was quite ill yesterday. So I went to the hospital. |
| 내일 시험이 있어요. 그래서 열심히 공부해요. | I have an exam tomorrow. So I’m studying hard. |
Order matters: reason first, result second. English is happy either way — “I went to the hospital because I was ill” — but 그래서 only joins forwards. To lead with the result you need a different construction entirely.
Verbs here: 많다 → 많아요 (to be many) · 피곤하다 → 피곤해요 (to be tired) · 아프다 → 아파요 (to be ill — the ㅡ-irregular from 125).
그러면 — premise
The first sentence is the assumption the second is built on. Almost always said by the other speaker, which is what makes it the conversational one of the three.
| Korean | English |
|---|---|
| A: 오전에는 일이 있어요. B: 그러면 오후는 어때요? | A: I’ve got something on in the morning. B: Then how about the afternoon? |
| A: 한국어를 잘하고 싶어요. B: 그러면 말하기 연습을 많이 하세요. | A: I want to get good at Korean. B: Then do lots of speaking practice. |
| A: 배(가) 고파요. B: 그러면 지금 밥 먹을까요? | A: I’m hungry. B: Then shall we eat now? |
| A: 아홉 시에 한국어 수업이 있어요. B: 그러면 나중에 이야기해요. | A: I have Korean class at nine. B: Then let’s talk later. |
그럼 is the contracted form and is what you will hear far more often. It is not more casual in any meaningful sense — 그럼, 금요일 오전 10시 어떻습니까? was in the formal meeting script back in 119.
Notice how many of these end in something from the last two lessons: 먹을까요? (127), 이야기해요 and 어때요 (128), 하세요 (117). 그러면 is the hinge that lets you respond to what someone just said rather than starting again.
-고 싶다 → -고 싶어요 — “to want to” — appears here for the first time: 잘하고 싶어요, “I want to be good at it”.
Vocabulary: places and activities
The lesson’s practice material.
| Korean | Hanja | English |
|---|---|---|
| 박물관 [방물관] | 博物館 | museum |
| 미술관 | 美術館 | art gallery |
| 고궁 — 경복궁 | 古宮 | old palace |
| 민속촌 | 民俗村 | folk village |
| 산 | 山 | mountain |
| 바다 | sea | |
| 바닷가 / 해변 | 海邊 | beach |
| 수영장 | 水泳場 | swimming pool |
| 스키장 | ski resort | |
| 운동장 | 運動場 | sports ground |
| 헬스장 | gym |
박물관 is said [방물관] — ㄱ before ㅁ becoming ㅇ, the 비음화 rule from 118.
-장 ends four of these and means “place / ground”, which makes them easy to guess: 수영 (swimming) + 장, 운동 (exercise) + 장.
| Korean | English |
|---|---|
| 여행(을) 가다 | to go on a trip |
| 사진(을) 찍다 | to take a photo |
| -을/를 구경하다 | to look around, to take in |
| 축구 / 야구 / 탁구 / 테니스를 하다 | to play football / baseball / table tennis / tennis |
| 낮잠을 자다 | to have a nap |
| 다니다 → 다녀요 | to attend, to commute — 회사 다녀요 |
여행 가다 takes 을/를, not 에 — the trap from 120.
구경하다 has no clean English equivalent. It is the unhurried looking you do at a market, a palace or a shop window without necessarily buying or entering — closest to “having a look round”.